COP30 to begin in Belém, Brazil

The 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference, or the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, commonly known as COP30, is being held in Belém, Brazil, from November 10 to 21, 2025.

• The 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference, or the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, commonly known as COP30, is the upcoming 30th United Nations Climate Change Conference, gathering in Belém, Brazil, from November 10 to 21, 2025.
• Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva announced the city’s candidacy during his visit to COP27 held in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, and it was officially confirmed in January 2023.
• President and theme of COP
• In January 2025, President Lula appointed Brazilian diplomat André Corrêa do Lago as the president of COP. The focus of COP30, held in Belém, Brazil, is “From Agreement to Action: Accelerating the Implementation of Climate Solutions.”

Main theme of COP30 discussion

• The main highlight of the discussions in Belém will be the $1.3 trillion Baku-to-Belém Roadmap Report prepared by the presidents of COP29 and COP30. It identifies five priorities for mobilizing resources, a move that could unlock up to $100 billion for developing countries.

What is COP

• The Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) remains the world’s leading platform for addressing the climate crisis. Decisions are made by consensus, promoting cooperation on mitigation, adaptation, and finance.

India’s role in global climate governance

• At the 1972 Stockholm Conference, then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi emphasized the need to balance environmental protection and poverty eradication.
• India signed the UNFCCC at the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
• India hosted COP8 in 2002. In 2008, India adopted the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), demonstrating its commitment to reducing emissions and promoting renewable energy.

History of COP on climate change (under UNFCCC)

• 1992: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted at the Earth Summit.
• 1994: The UNFCCC came into force.
• 1995: The first COP (COP1) was held in Berlin, aiming to reach consensus on ways to limit global warming.
• 1997: The Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP3.
• 2015: The Paris Agreement took place at COP21, advancing global action on climate change.
• 2019: COP25 – Madrid, Spain (December).
• 2021: COP26 – Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
• 2022: COP27 – Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.
• 2023: COP28 – Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
• 2024: COP29 – Baku, Azerbaijan.