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National Current Affairs

Art and Culture

Bhirrana site may push Indus Valley origins back to 8000 years

Art and Culture

Bhirrana site may push Indus Valley origins back to 8000 years

Q: Who discovered the Harappan civilization?

British explorer Charles Masson, 1826

Utkarsh Classes

Updated: 19 Feb 2026

3 Min Read

Bhirrana site may push Indus Valley origins back to 8000 years

Experts studying pottery and animal remains in Bhirrana in northern India say that the roots of this ancient society may be about 8,000 years old. The Bhirrana site was excavated by Shri L.S. Rao along the old channels of the Ghaggar river.

If confirmed, its beginnings could be much earlier than the time of Egypt’s first pharaoh, potentially rewriting long-held narratives about where organized urban life first emerged in human history.
Mesopotamia emerged first, followed by Egypt with its pyramids and pharaohs, alongside which stood the Indus Valley Civilization.
Using radiocarbon dating on pottery fragments and animal remains, researchers from the Archaeological Survey of India and other institutions found evidence that human settlements predate the previously accepted timeline of the civilization, around 2600 BC.
If confirmed, these findings could place the beginning of the Indus civilization well before the rise of the ancient Egyptian dynasties, which began around 3100 BC.
At its peak, it spread across large parts of present-day Pakistan and north-western India. It has long been considered one of the world’s oldest urban cultures.
At its peak, the Indus civilization may have been home to more than five million people, a significant share of the world’s population at the time. Its territory extended from the Arabian Sea to the Ganga basin, one of the largest cultural zones of the ancient world.

Early clues in Harappa

The modern discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization began in 1826 AD when British explorer Charles Masson saw ancient ruins at Harappa in present-day Pakistan.
A major turning point came in 1921, when archaeologist Daya Ram Sahni conducted the first scientific excavation at Harappa under the Archaeological Survey of India. The excavation confirmed that the site belonged to an ancient urban civilization.
Soon after, in 1922, Rakhaldas Banerjee discovered another major city, Mohenjo-daro.
The significance of these discoveries spread worldwide in 1924 when ASI Director-General John Marshall officially announced the Indus Valley Civilization to the world and placed it alongside Egypt and Mesopotamia.
In 1953, archaeologists discovered Kalibangan in Rajasthan, where evidence of ploughed fields and fire altars was found.
In 1954, the discovery of Lothal in Gujarat revealed a dockyard, indicating that the Indus people were engaged in maritime trade.

Causes of the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

For many years, experts cited climate change as a major cause of the civilization’s decline. Weakening monsoon patterns and drying river systems may have disrupted agriculture and trade.
However, recent discoveries from Bhirrana suggest a gradual transformation rather than an abrupt end. Evidence indicates communities adapted to changing environmental conditions by shifting crops from water-intensive wheat and barley to more drought-resistant varieties such as millet and rice.
This shift may have reduced the need for large centralized storage facilities and dense urban centers.
Rather than a sudden collapse, the civilization may have gradually dispersed into smaller settlements over time. Other theories, including migration, floods, disease or social change, remain debated.

Major features of the Harappan Civilization

The mature phase lasted from 2600-1900 BC.
Cities were based on a grid system (streets intersecting at right angles). Use of baked bricks and an advanced drainage system were the most prominent features.
Society was possibly matriarchal. The Pashupatinath figure on seals and mother-goddess figurines indicate religious beliefs.
Main occupations were agriculture (wheat, barley) and trade (with Mesopotamia). Barter system was prevalent.
Despite being a Bronze Age civilization, stone and copper tools were widely used. Seal and bead making were major crafts.
Major sites: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Lothal (port), Kalibangan, Dholavira and Rakhigarhi (India).

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Utkarsh Classes’ National Current Affairs provides the most relevant and updated coverage of important national news for all government competitive exams, including RPSC RAS, SSC, RRB ALP, RRB Group D, NTPC, Defence, Teaching, Banking, and other State and Central-level exams. Aspirants can enhance their understanding of central government policies, national welfare schemes, political developments, and social issues that shape India today.

Here, you’ll get the most accurate updates on current affairs topics, including Economy, Polity, Science & Technology, Environment, Awards & Honours, Appointments, and major national events, all in one place.

Importance of National Current Affairs in Exam Preparation

National current affairs play a big role in preparing for government exams for several reasons:

Direct Link with the Exam Syllabus: Almost all government exams, like RAS, UPSC, SSC, Railway, Defence, and Teaching (like PTET, REET, Grade 1, etc) include national current affairs and static GK questions based on the current affairs as an essential part of the syllabus. Understanding recent events in India helps candidates manage both static and dynamic sections effectively.
Improves understanding and thinking ability: For aspirants preparing for administrative services (Like RPSC RAS, UP PCS, UPSC IAS, etc.), it’s important to understand how national policies, laws, and reforms influence governance and public welfare. Analysing these national developments enhances problem-solving and analytical thinking skills.
Helps in Interview and Mains Answer Writing: During interviews for various government exams (like BPSC, UPSC, RPSC RAS), candidates are often asked questions based on the National current affairs and their implications on society, economy, and governance. A good command of current events enables you to express well-informed opinions in interviews as well as descriptive papers.
Increases awareness of India’s development: Knowledge of ongoing national initiatives, such as government schemes, infrastructure projects, national security updates, and environmental actions, helps in developing a holistic understanding of India’s progress and challenges.
Links Static GK Concepts with Daily Current Affairs: Most questions in competitive exams (like RPF SI, SSC MTS & SSC CHSL) combine static GK facts and current events topics. For instance, questions about government ministries, new schemes, or national awards often require both factual recall and contextual awareness of today’s current affairs in India.

Key Focus Areas of National Current Affairs

To make exam preparation easier, candidates must focus on the following important news as most of the questions are asked from these:

Indian Polity and Governance: Stay updated on government bills, constitutional amendments, cabinet decisions, and national policies. Learn about reforms in governance, public administration, and initiatives under programs like Digital India, Smart Cities, and Swachh Bharat Mission.
Indian Economy and Finance: Understand major trends in the Indian economy, important from the Union Budget, RBI policies, taxation changes, and economic surveys. Keep track of growth indicators like GDP, inflation, and employment reports that are often asked in exams.
Science, Defence and Technology: Stay updated about the latest ISRO missions, defence advancements, and scientific research. Stay updated on India’s progress in innovation, artificial intelligence, space exploration, and new technology initiatives under Make in India.
Environment and Sustainability: Get updates on climate policies, biodiversity efforts, renewable energy projects, and India’s national commitments under environmental conventions.
Awards, Appointments, and Important Days: Revise national-level awards (Padma Awards, Bharat Ratna), key appointments, and major national important days that are frequently covered in current affairs for competitive exams.

Why Choose Utkarsh Classes for National Current Affairs?

Utkarsh Classes provides daily national current affairs news and free downloadable PDFs to help you stay updated and revise important topics for government exams. You get all major national updates in one place, useful for Prelims, Mains, and Interview preparation.

News-Based Daily Coverage: Get reliable and exam-focused daily current affairs news covering national events, government policies, economy, banking, defence, and more. All updates come from trusted sources and are explained by the subject matter experts in simple language for better understanding.
Free PDF Downloads for Revision: Download daily, weekly, and monthly current affairs PDFs completely free. These compilations help you revise important facts, schemes, and reports quickly before the exam.
Exam-Focused Presentation: Every topic is selected after analysing previous year questions of SSC CGL, RAS, RRB Group D, Rajasthan EO & RO, Defence, and Railway exams so that you focus only on what is important for your preparation.

How to Prepare for National Current Affairs?

Preparing for national current affairs becomes easy if you follow this planned approach:

Start with PYQs: Check previous exam papers of your exam to understand what type of current affairs questions are asked, such as government schemes, committees, and budget highlights.
Study Static GK Facts linked to the National News: Try to connect national news and CA updates with the facts behind those news with subjects like Polity, Economy, and Geography. This helps you understand the background of each topic better
Regularly Revise National Current Affairs: Download Utkarsh’s Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Current Affairs PDFs to revise all important national topics quickly and easily.

Explore the latest National Current Affairs with Utkarsh Classes and make your exam preparation stronger every day.

FAQs

Why are National Current Affairs important for government exams?

National current affairs are important for government exams because they cover important recent National news, policies, and developments frequently asked in exams. Staying updated with them strengthens your general awareness, helps you think better, and supports you in both objective and descriptive parts of the competitive exams.

How many months of National Current Affairs should I study for exams?

You should prepare at least 6 to 12 months of National Current Affairs for all competitive exams.

What type of National Current Affairs questions are asked in exams?

Most exams include questions on National Current Affairs, such as government schemes, new appointments, national awards, events, health and schemes, and economic policies.

Are Utkarsh’s National Current Affairs PDFs useful for all exams?

Yes, Utkarsh’s National Current Affairs PDFs are useful for all exams that include India GK or General Awareness subjects.

How does Utkarsh Classes help in preparing for National Current Affairs?

Utkarsh Classes provides daily current affairs news and free downloadable PDFs of National Current Affairs to make your preparation and revision easier.

Home

National Current Affairs

Art and Culture

Bhirrana site may push Indus Valley origins back to 8000 years

Art and Culture

Bhirrana site may push Indus Valley origins back to 8000 years

Utkarsh Classes

Updated: 19 Feb 2026

3 Min Read

If confirmed, its beginnings could be much earlier than the time of Egypt’s first pharaoh, potentially rewriting long-held narratives about where organized urban life first emerged in human history.
Mesopotamia emerged first, followed by Egypt with its pyramids and pharaohs, alongside which stood the Indus Valley Civilization.
Using radiocarbon dating on pottery fragments and animal remains, researchers from the Archaeological Survey of India and other institutions found evidence that human settlements predate the previously accepted timeline of the civilization, around 2600 BC.
If confirmed, these findings could place the beginning of the Indus civilization well before the rise of the ancient Egyptian dynasties, which began around 3100 BC.
At its peak, it spread across large parts of present-day Pakistan and north-western India. It has long been considered one of the world’s oldest urban cultures.
At its peak, the Indus civilization may have been home to more than five million people, a significant share of the world’s population at the time. Its territory extended from the Arabian Sea to the Ganga basin, one of the largest cultural zones of the ancient world.

Early clues in Harappa

The modern discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization began in 1826 AD when British explorer Charles Masson saw ancient ruins at Harappa in present-day Pakistan.
A major turning point came in 1921, when archaeologist Daya Ram Sahni conducted the first scientific excavation at Harappa under the Archaeological Survey of India. The excavation confirmed that the site belonged to an ancient urban civilization.
Soon after, in 1922, Rakhaldas Banerjee discovered another major city, Mohenjo-daro.
The significance of these discoveries spread worldwide in 1924 when ASI Director-General John Marshall officially announced the Indus Valley Civilization to the world and placed it alongside Egypt and Mesopotamia.
In 1953, archaeologists discovered Kalibangan in Rajasthan, where evidence of ploughed fields and fire altars was found.
In 1954, the discovery of Lothal in Gujarat revealed a dockyard, indicating that the Indus people were engaged in maritime trade.

Causes of the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

For many years, experts cited climate change as a major cause of the civilization’s decline. Weakening monsoon patterns and drying river systems may have disrupted agriculture and trade.
However, recent discoveries from Bhirrana suggest a gradual transformation rather than an abrupt end. Evidence indicates communities adapted to changing environmental conditions by shifting crops from water-intensive wheat and barley to more drought-resistant varieties such as millet and rice.
This shift may have reduced the need for large centralized storage facilities and dense urban centers.
Rather than a sudden collapse, the civilization may have gradually dispersed into smaller settlements over time. Other theories, including migration, floods, disease or social change, remain debated.

Major features of the Harappan Civilization

The mature phase lasted from 2600-1900 BC.
Cities were based on a grid system (streets intersecting at right angles). Use of baked bricks and an advanced drainage system were the most prominent features.
Society was possibly matriarchal. The Pashupatinath figure on seals and mother-goddess figurines indicate religious beliefs.
Main occupations were agriculture (wheat, barley) and trade (with Mesopotamia). Barter system was prevalent.
Despite being a Bronze Age civilization, stone and copper tools were widely used. Seal and bead making were major crafts.
Major sites: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Lothal (port), Kalibangan, Dholavira and Rakhigarhi (India).

About the author

Utkarsh Classes

Company

Our Offline Centers

Visit an Offline Centre Near to You.

Jodhpur

Explore

Jaipur

Explore

Importance of National Current Affairs in Exam Preparation

National current affairs play a big role in preparing for government exams for several reasons:

Direct Link with the Exam Syllabus: Almost all government exams, like RAS, UPSC, SSC, Railway, Defence, and Teaching (like PTET, REET, Grade 1, etc) include national current affairs and static GK questions based on the current affairs as an essential part of the syllabus. Understanding recent events in India helps candidates manage both static and dynamic sections effectively.
Improves understanding and thinking ability: For aspirants preparing for administrative services (Like RPSC RAS, UP PCS, UPSC IAS, etc.), it’s important to understand how national policies, laws, and reforms influence governance and public welfare. Analysing these national developments enhances problem-solving and analytical thinking skills.
Helps in Interview and Mains Answer Writing: During interviews for various government exams (like BPSC, UPSC, RPSC RAS), candidates are often asked questions based on the National current affairs and their implications on society, economy, and governance. A good command of current events enables you to express well-informed opinions in interviews as well as descriptive papers.
Increases awareness of India’s development: Knowledge of ongoing national initiatives, such as government schemes, infrastructure projects, national security updates, and environmental actions, helps in developing a holistic understanding of India’s progress and challenges.
Links Static GK Concepts with Daily Current Affairs: Most questions in competitive exams (like RPF SI, SSC MTS & SSC CHSL) combine static GK facts and current events topics. For instance, questions about government ministries, new schemes, or national awards often require both factual recall and contextual awareness of today’s current affairs in India.

Key Focus Areas of National Current Affairs

To make exam preparation easier, candidates must focus on the following important news as most of the questions are asked from these:

Indian Polity and Governance: Stay updated on government bills, constitutional amendments, cabinet decisions, and national policies. Learn about reforms in governance, public administration, and initiatives under programs like Digital India, Smart Cities, and Swachh Bharat Mission.
Indian Economy and Finance: Understand major trends in the Indian economy, important from the Union Budget, RBI policies, taxation changes, and economic surveys. Keep track of growth indicators like GDP, inflation, and employment reports that are often asked in exams.
Science, Defence and Technology: Stay updated about the latest ISRO missions, defence advancements, and scientific research. Stay updated on India’s progress in innovation, artificial intelligence, space exploration, and new technology initiatives under Make in India.
Environment and Sustainability: Get updates on climate policies, biodiversity efforts, renewable energy projects, and India’s national commitments under environmental conventions.
Awards, Appointments, and Important Days: Revise national-level awards (Padma Awards, Bharat Ratna), key appointments, and major national important days that are frequently covered in current affairs for competitive exams.

Why Choose Utkarsh Classes for National Current Affairs?

News-Based Daily Coverage: Get reliable and exam-focused daily current affairs news covering national events, government policies, economy, banking, defence, and more. All updates come from trusted sources and are explained by the subject matter experts in simple language for better understanding.
Free PDF Downloads for Revision: Download daily, weekly, and monthly current affairs PDFs completely free. These compilations help you revise important facts, schemes, and reports quickly before the exam.
Exam-Focused Presentation: Every topic is selected after analysing previous year questions of SSC CGL, RAS, RRB Group D, Rajasthan EO & RO, Defence, and Railway exams so that you focus only on what is important for your preparation.

How to Prepare for National Current Affairs?

Preparing for national current affairs becomes easy if you follow this planned approach:

Start with PYQs: Check previous exam papers of your exam to understand what type of current affairs questions are asked, such as government schemes, committees, and budget highlights.
Study Static GK Facts linked to the National News: Try to connect national news and CA updates with the facts behind those news with subjects like Polity, Economy, and Geography. This helps you understand the background of each topic better
Regularly Revise National Current Affairs: Download Utkarsh’s Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Current Affairs PDFs to revise all important national topics quickly and easily.